Aurangabad

Aurangabad, officially known as Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, is a city in Maharashtra, India, serving as a portal to some of the world's most extraordinary ancient rock-cut caves. While the city itself carries the legacy of Mughal influence, its true allure lies just beyond its modern pulse, where the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Ajanta and Ellora Caves invite exploration. Once a significant nexus on the ancient 'Silk Route,' Aurangabad has been shaped by various dynasties, leaving behind an intricate story of architectural wonders.

Beyond the monumental caves, Aurangabad, also known as the 'City of Gates' due to its numerous historic entrances, offers a glimpse into a bygone era with structures like the Bibi Ka Maqbara and the formidable Daulatabad Fort. The city's blend of ancient spirituality, imperial grandeur, and local culture makes it a compelling destination for those seeking to uncover India's layered past.

From Khadki to Aurangabad: A Shifting Capital

The origins of Aurangabad can be traced back to 1610 when Malik Ambar, the Prime Minister of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, established a new city on the site of a village called Khadki. He made it his capital, initially naming it Fatehnagar. This period saw the city develop as an administrative center, strategically positioned in the Deccan region.

In 1633, the city came under Mughal dominion following the conquest of the Nizam Shahi dynasty. A significant turning point arrived in 1653 when Mughal Prince Aurangzeb, who would later become Emperor, was appointed viceroy of the Deccan for the second time. He designated Fatehnagar as his capital and renamed it Aurangabad, meaning 'Built by the Throne.' This marked a period of swift expansion and urban development, as Aurangzeb utilized the city as a primary military outpost to control the Deccan Plateau. To safeguard against Maratha incursions, a wall with 54 gates was constructed around the city in 1682.

Following Aurangzeb's passing in 1707, Mughal influence diminished, and the city became the initial capital of the Asaf Jahi dynasty of Hyderabad in 1724, before the capital relocated to Hyderabad in 1763. After India's independence, Aurangabad became part of Hyderabad State in 1948, then Bombay State in 1956, and finally joined Maharashtra in 1960. In recent years, the city has been officially renamed Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, honoring Sambhaji Bhosale, the second ruler of the Maratha Empire.

The region surrounding Aurangabad is a trove of historical and architectural marvels. The Ajanta Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located about 99 kilometers from the city, comprise thirty rock-cut Buddhist caves dating from the 2nd century BCE. These caves are celebrated for their intricate murals and carvings depicting Jataka tales and the life of Buddha.

Closer to the city, approximately 29 kilometers away, are the Ellora Caves, another UNESCO World Heritage Site. This complex features 34 caves with Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain rock-cut temples and monasteries, illustrating religious harmony from 600-1000 CE. The highlight is the monolithic Kailasa Temple (Cave 16), dedicated to Lord Shiva, an extraordinary example of rock-cut architecture. Nearby, the Grishneshwar Temple is one of India's twelve Jyotirlingas, an important pilgrimage site for devotees of Lord Shiva.

Within Aurangabad itself, the Bibi Ka Maqbara is a 17th-century mausoleum commissioned by Prince Azam Shah, son of Emperor Aurangzeb, for his mother Dilras Banu Begum. Frequently called the 'Taj of the Deccan' due to its resemblance to the Taj Mahal, it stands as a significant example of Mughal architecture. The imposing Daulatabad Fort, originally known as Devagiri, is a formidable 12th-century citadel built on a conical hill. Its unique defense mechanisms and strategic location made it a coveted stronghold throughout history. The lesser-known Aurangabad Caves, carved from soft rock during the 6th and 7th centuries, offer further insights into ancient Buddhist and Tantric Hindu practices.

The most favorable time to visit Aurangabad is during the winter months, from October to March. During this period, the weather is pleasant and comfortable, with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 30°C, making it ideal for exploring the historical sites and outdoor activities. The Ellora Festival, presenting art and culture, is also celebrated in November.

Avoid the summer months (April to June) as temperatures can exceed 40°C, making sightseeing challenging. While the monsoon season (July to September) brings verdant landscapes, heavy rainfall can disrupt travel plans and make pathways slippery, particularly at the forts and caves.

Aurangabad is well-connected by air, rail, and road. The city has a domestic airport (Aurangabad Airport, IXU) with regular flights to major Indian cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Bangalore. The Aurangabad Railway Station is a significant railhead connecting to various parts of the country. Frequent buses and a network of highways also link Aurangabad to nearby towns and major cities in Maharashtra.

Commuting within the city is facilitated by taxis and local buses. For visiting the Ajanta and Ellora Caves, it is advisable to plan a full day for each, as they are in opposite directions from Aurangabad and require several hours to explore. Ajanta Caves are closed on Mondays, and Ellora Caves are closed on Tuesdays. Entry fees for both caves are approximately 40 rupees for Indian citizens and 600 rupees for foreign visitors, with free entry for children under 15.

Aurangabad offers a range of accommodation options, from five-star hotels to more budget-friendly choices. The city is also recognized for its local cuisine, including Maharashtrian dishes like Naan Qalia and Pitla Bhakri, as well as Mughlai options. Shopping for local handicrafts, Paithani silk sarees, and Himroo shawls is popular at markets like Gul Mandi and Connaught Shopping Market.