Jeju

Jeju Island, often called the "Hawaii of Korea," is a volcanic island off the southern coast of South Korea, celebrated for its distinctive natural beauty and unique cultural heritage. Formed by volcanic eruptions approximately two million years ago, the island is dominated by Hallasan, a dormant volcano and the highest mountain in South Korea, rising 1,947 meters (6,388 ft) above sea level. Jeju's landscape is characterized by basalt and lava formations, including around 360 smaller extinct volcanoes or parasitic cones called oreum. The island's subtropical climate ensures milder winters than mainland Korea and supports a diverse array of subtropical plants.

Recognized by UNESCO as a World Natural Heritage Site, Global Geopark, and Biosphere Reserve, Jeju offers a blend of dramatic volcanic formations, lush greenery, and clear beaches. Beyond its scenic appeal, Jeju presents a distinct culture, a unique dialect, and a slow island rhythm that sets it apart from the faster pace of mainland South Korea. From exploring ancient lava tubes to witnessing the traditions of its famous haenyeo (female free divers), Jeju provides a rich array of experiences for those seeking both adventure and tranquility.

## From Tamna Kingdom to Modern Jeju Jeju Island's origins are deeply rooted in volcanic activity, with its formation beginning approximately two million years ago through underwater eruptions. Human habitation on the island dates back to the early Neolithic period, with archaeological evidence found at sites like Gosalli. The earliest known civilization on the island was the independent kingdom of Tamna, meaning "island country," which existed for centuries. According to legend, the Tamna Kingdom was founded by three demi-gods—Go, Yang, and Bu—who emerged from the earth at Samseonghyeol.

Tamna eventually became a vassal state of Korea under the Goryeo dynasty in 938 AD, though it maintained a degree of autonomy for some time. During the 13th and 14th centuries, Jeju experienced a period under Mongol influence following invasions of Korea, with the island serving as a grazing area for cavalry horses and a place of exile. In 1404, the Joseon dynasty placed Jeju under firm central control, ending the Tamna kingdom. For nearly 200 years during the Joseon period, a travel ban was imposed, and islanders were often treated as foreigners or political exiles. This era saw several uprisings by Jeju residents against oppressive rule.

The 20th century brought further hardship, including Japanese annexation in 1910, which led to deprivation and compelled many islanders to seek work elsewhere. Jeju residents were active in the Korean independence movement, notably the Women Divers Anti-Japanese Movement of 1930, which involved over 10,000 haenyeo. Following Japan's surrender in World War II, Jeju became part of South Jeolla Province. However, the island was the site of the tragic Jeju uprising from 1948 to 1949, a major rebellion by leftist guerrillas against the planned division of the Korean peninsula. This conflict resulted in an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 deaths and widespread destruction. Jeju achieved provincial status in 1946 and later became a special autonomous province, distinguishing it from other South Korean provinces. Today, the island's economy thrives on tourism, agriculture, and fishing.

## Cultural Heritage Jeju's unique culture is deeply intertwined with its natural environment and history. The island is known for its distinctive dialect, which is quite different from mainland Korean. Shamanism remains a significant part of Jeju's cultural fabric, with traditions that include 18,000 gods and goddesses worshipped at shrines and through rituals. The island's creation myths, such as the legend of Seolmundae Halmang, a giant goddess said to have shaped Jeju's mountains and oreum, reflect the indigenous people's respect for nature.

A prominent feature of Jeju's cultural identity is the haenyeo, or "sea women"—female free divers who harvest seafood without modern breathing apparatus. This centuries-old tradition, recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage, highlights a matriarchal family structure that developed due to the haenyeo's economic contributions. The island's iconic dol hareubang stone statues, carved from volcanic rock, serve as guardians and symbols of protection and fertility. Traditional villages like Seongeup Folk Village offer glimpses into rural life and preserve the island's authentic cultural experiences.

Jeju offers a diverse range of attractions, blending natural wonders with unique cultural sites. At the heart of the island is Hallasan National Park, home to South Korea's tallest mountain, Hallasan, a dormant volcano with a crater lake at its summit. The park provides various hiking trails, offering expansive views of the island. On the eastern coast, Seongsan Ilchulbong Peak, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a volcanic tuff cone known for its dramatic sunrises and a crown of sharp rocks. Visitors can climb to the crater for expansive coastal views.

Explore the subterranean world at Manjanggul Cave, one of the finest and longest lava tubes globally, also a UNESCO World Heritage site. Only a portion of its 13-kilometer length is open to the public, revealing impressive lava formations. Along the coast, the Jusangjeolli Cliffs showcase spectacular hexagon-shaped rock pillars formed from cooling lava. For a unique cultural experience, visit the Haenyeo Museum to learn about Jeju's iconic female divers, or catch a Haenyeo Woman Diver's Show. The Jeju Stone Park also provides insight into the island's volcanic geology and local folklore through its sculptures and art installations. For relaxation, Jeju's beaches, such as Hyeopjae Beach and Hamdeok Beach, offer clear waters and scenic surroundings. Consider a visit to Udo Island, accessible by ferry, for its distinct rocky landscapes and quiet roads.

The best times to visit Jeju Island are spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November). During spring, temperatures are mild, and the island is adorned with cherry blossoms and bright yellow canola flowers, making it ideal for sightseeing and hiking. Autumn offers cool, dry, and clear weather with lively foliage, perfect for outdoor activities and hiking Hallasan. Summers (June to August) are hot and humid, coinciding with peak tourist season and the rainy monsoon period, though beaches are lively. Winters (December to February) are milder than mainland Korea, with occasional snow on Hallasan's upper slopes, offering a quieter experience with lower prices.

Getting to Jeju is most convenient by air, with Jeju International Airport (CJU) being the main arrival hub, located in Jeju City. Flights from mainland Korean airports typically take around an hour. While ferries are an option, they can be lengthy and prone to seasickness. Once on the island, renting a car is highly recommended for exploring at your own pace, especially for reaching cafes, beaches, and various attractions spread across the island. Public buses offer a more budget-friendly alternative, with an extensive network covering the entire island and English information available at stops and through announcements. Taxis are also readily available.

For navigation, it's advisable to download Korean map applications like KakaoMap or NAVER Map, as Google Maps may not be fully functional in South Korea. Free Wi-Fi hotspots are widely available across the island. When interacting with locals, learning a few basic Korean phrases like "Annyeonghaseyo" (Hello) and "Gamsahamnida" (Thank you) can enhance your experience. Jeju has introduced official multilingual behavior rules for tourists to promote responsible travel, emphasizing proper waste disposal, respectful conduct in public spaces, and adherence to local customs.