Sopron

Sopron, a city on Hungary's western border with Austria, is a place where layers of history are visible at every turn. Often called 'Civitas Fidelissima' – 'The Most Loyal City' – Sopron earned this title after its citizens voted to remain part of Hungary in a 1921 referendum, defying post-World War I territorial changes. This enduring loyalty is woven into the city's identity, reflected in monuments like the Loyalty Gate at the Fire Tower.

The city's unique position at the foothills of the Alps, combined with its proximity to Lake Neusiedl (Lake Fertő), offers a blend of cultural exploration and natural beauty. Sopron's historic center, with its paving stones and well-preserved medieval and Baroque architecture, invites visitors to wander and discover its many stories.

## From Roman Scarbantia to Royal City Sopron's roots stretch back to prehistoric times, with evidence of settlements from the early Stone, Copper, and Bronze Ages. During the Roman era, a city named Scarbantia thrived at the crossroads of the Amber Road and an east-west main road, with its forum located on what is now Sopron's Main Square. After the Roman Empire, Scarbantia declined, becoming a city of ruins during the period of mass migration.

A new settlement emerged after the Hungarians arrived. Between the 9th and 11th centuries, the old Roman city walls were reinforced, and a castle was built. The city acquired its Hungarian name, Sopron, from a castle steward named Suprun. By 1153, it was recognized as an important fortress. In the 13th century, the settlement beneath the fortress gained city status. A pivotal moment occurred in 1273 when King Ottokar II of Bohemia occupied the castle. However, in 1277, Sopron opened its gates to King László IV, who, in return for their loyalty, declared Sopron a royal free city, granting it special rights and freedoms.

## Surviving Invasions and Rebirth Sopron's strategic location meant it faced numerous challenges throughout its history. In 1529, the city was devastated by the Turks, though it never fell under Ottoman domination. Many people fleeing occupied territories sought refuge in Sopron, contributing to its growing importance. A major fire in 1676 destroyed much of the city, leading to a significant rebuilding effort in the Baroque style that largely defines its appearance today. This period saw the construction of many of the architectural structures that line its streets, such as the Holy Trinity Column and the 'Goat Church'.

## The 'Most Loyal City' and the Iron Curtain The 20th century brought new challenges. Following World War I, the Treaty of Saint Germain initially awarded Sopron to Austria. However, in a 1921 plebiscite, 65% of the citizens of Sopron and eight surrounding villages voted to remain part of Hungary. This act of loyalty earned Sopron the title 'Civitas Fidelissima' – 'The Most Loyal City' – a decision still commemorated annually. Despite significant industrial development after World War II, Sopron managed to preserve its Baroque character. Its location in the shadow of the Iron Curtain, however, isolated it from both Austria and other Hungarian regions until the 1970s. Sopron played a symbolic role in the fall of Communism, as it was near the city that the Pan-European Picnic was held in 1989, an event that allowed over 600 East Germans to escape to the West and contributed to the dismantling of the Berlin Wall.

Sopron's historic core is a repository of architectural styles, from Roman foundations to Baroque facades. Begin at the Fire Tower (Tűztorony), the city's most recognizable symbol, whose lower sections date to the 13th century. Climb its 200 steps for expansive views of the city, Lake Fertő, and neighboring Austria. Below it, the Loyalty Gate commemorates the 1921 referendum. The Main Square (Fő tér) is surrounded by elegant buildings, including the Baroque Holy Trinity Column from 1701, the eclectic City Hall from 1895, and historic houses like the Storno House.

Explore Templom utca (Church Street), home to the Goat Church, an ancient church first mentioned in 1280, which has hosted coronations and parliamentary sessions. Nearby, the Blessed Mary Benedictine Church is Sopron's oldest, featuring frescoes and lancet windows. Discover the Old Synagogue from the 13th century and a 14th-century synagogue on Új utca, offering insights into the city's Jewish heritage. Do not miss the Fabricius House, which houses a museum, and the Pharmacy Museum. Beyond the Old Town, the City Wall Promenade allows for a stroll along medieval fortifications built on Roman ruins. For a unique experience, consider visiting Taródi Castle, a whimsical, privately built fortress in the Lővérek forest.

The best time to visit Sopron for warm-weather activities is from mid-June to early September, when temperatures are pleasant and skies are clearer. Spring (April to May) offers mild weather, blooming landscapes, and fewer crowds, ideal for city walks and nature trails. Autumn (September to October) brings comfortable temperatures and coincides with the grape harvest season, making it perfect for wine enthusiasts. While summer (June to August) is peak season with lively festivals, it can also mean higher prices and more visitors.

Sopron does not have its own airport; the nearest is Vienna International Airport (VIE), about 60 km away. Trains from Vienna to Sopron take approximately one hour, while direct trains from Budapest take 2.5 to 3 hours. Once in Sopron, the city center is easily navigable on foot. Public buses are available, with tickets and passes purchasable in advance or from the driver. Many visitors also opt for bicycles to get around, reaching most places in 10-15 minutes.

The local currency is the Hungarian Forint (HUF). While credit cards are widely accepted, it's useful to have some cash for smaller purchases. Tipping 10-15% in restaurants is customary if service isn't already included. Sopron's proximity to the Austrian border means that living costs, particularly for rented accommodation, can be higher than in other Hungarian cities of similar size.