Italica

A short distance from Seville, the ancient city of Italica offers a compelling journey back to Roman Hispania. Established in 206 BC by General Publius Cornelius Scipio, it was the inaugural Roman settlement in Spain and the first beyond Italy's borders. This archaeological site is recognized as the birthplace of two prominent Roman emperors, Trajan and Hadrian, and possibly Theodosius.

Today, Italica stands as a testament to Roman magnificence, with remarkably preserved ruins that offer a window into the daily existence and architectural skill of the era. Visitors can wander through broad avenues, admire intricate mosaics, explore public baths, and marvel at one of the Roman Empire's largest amphitheaters. Its historical importance and archaeological richness make it a captivating destination for anyone interested in Rome's enduring influence on the Iberian Peninsula.

## Foundation and Early Growth Italica's narrative commences in 206 BC, during the Second Punic War, when Roman general Scipio Africanus established it as a settlement for his veteran soldiers after the Battle of Ilipa. These soldiers, many of whom were from Italy, bestowed upon the city its name. The location was strategically chosen near an existing Turdetanian community, which dated back to at least the 4th century BC. While the nearby city of Hispalis (modern Seville) was larger, Italica's significance arose from its illustrious origins and its proximity to the Guadalquivir River, allowing it to control the area.

## Imperial Connections and Expansion Italica gained considerable prominence as the birthplace of two Roman emperors: Trajan (reigned 98-117 AD) and Hadrian (reigned 117-138 AD). These emperors, particularly Hadrian, played a pivotal role in the city's development. Hadrian, born in the 'Old Town' (Vetus Urbs), undertook a massive expansion, creating the 'New Town' (Nova Urbs). This expansion transformed Italica into a showcase of Roman urbanism, adhering to ambitious architectural and ideological standards. Under Emperor Augustus, the city had already evolved into one of the most advanced in the Roman world, featuring drainage systems and other services. Hadrian elevated Italica to the rank of a Roman colony, granting it the title Colonia Aelia Augusta Italica.

## Decline and Rediscovery Italica flourished as a political and military center and was a major producer of grain and olive oil. However, its prosperity began to diminish in the 3rd century AD. A significant factor in its decline was the shifting course of the Guadalquivir River, which left the city's port dry and led to a transfer of trade and commerce to Hispalis. The 'New Town' was eventually abandoned, partly due to geological instability of the chosen hill site, which caused buildings to subside. During the Middle Ages and up until the last century, the ruins of Italica were utilized as a quarry for building materials for other constructions, including the road from Merida to Seville and grand houses in Seville. Fortunately, the abandonment of the 'New Town' meant that much of it was preserved rather than built over, allowing for extensive archaeological excavation and the impressive ruins visible today.

The archaeological site of Italica offers a compelling array of Roman ruins. The most prominent feature is the grand amphitheater, one of the largest in the Roman Empire, capable of seating 25,000 spectators. Visitors can explore its central pit, where wild animals were once kept for gladiatorial combats.

Exploring the ancient avenues of Italica, you will encounter the remains of elaborate public baths and private residences adorned with intricate mosaics. Notable examples include the House of the Birds, the House of the Planetarium, and the House of the Exedra, all displaying vivid and detailed floor art depicting mythological scenes, birds, and celestial bodies. The Traianeum, a monumental temple dedicated to Emperor Trajan, is another significant structure. Additionally, the remains of the aqueduct system and a sophisticated sewer system underscore Roman engineering prowess. A small Roman theater, situated in the older part of Italica beneath the modern town of Santiponce, can also be observed.

The most agreeable times to experience Italica are during the spring and fall months. The weather is typically mild and pleasant, making it ideal for exploring the expansive outdoor archaeological site. Summers in Andalusia can be quite hot, which might make prolonged exploration uncomfortable. Winters are generally mild but can be damp. Always consult the official website for current opening hours, as they can fluctuate seasonally.

Italica is located approximately 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) north of Seville, near the town of Santiponce. It is readily accessible by public bus (M-172A Damas) from Seville's Plaza de Armas bus station, with buses running frequently. Alternatively, guided tours from Seville are available, and some visitors opt for a bike tour.

Entry to the archaeological site is complimentary for EU citizens with a valid ID, while others pay a modest fee, typically under €3. The site features clear signage, and an informative museum is available for those who prefer to explore independently. Wear comfortable shoes suitable for walking over uneven terrain, and bring water, especially during warmer months. Many artifacts from Italica are displayed at the Archaeological Museum of Seville and the Lebrija Palace in Seville, which can complement your visit.