Springfield

Springfield, Illinois, the state capital and county seat of Sangamon County, holds a significant place in American history, primarily as the long-time home of Abraham Lincoln before his presidency. It's a city where history feels alive, with numerous sites dedicated to the 16th President, alongside a lively cultural scene and a connection to the iconic Route 66.

Beyond its historical gravitas, Springfield offers a dynamic blend of government, healthcare, and agriculture, reflecting its role as a central Illinois hub. The city's landscape, near the Sangamon River and Lake Springfield, provides both urban experiences and opportunities for outdoor recreation. With a population of over 114,000, Springfield is the most populous city in Central Illinois, offering a unique Midwestern appeal distinct from the larger Chicago metropolitan area.

## From Frontier Settlement to State Capital Springfield's story begins in the late 1810s, around the time Illinois achieved statehood. European-American settlers established the area, with John Kelly building a cabin in 1820 at what is now the corner of Second and Jefferson streets. Originally named Calhoun, after U.S. Senator and Vice President John C. Calhoun, the town adopted its current name, Springfield, in 1832, inspired by Spring Creek that flowed through the area known as "Kelly's Field."

Illinois's capital shifted several times before settling in Springfield. Kaskaskia served as the first capital from 1809 to 1819, followed by Vandalia from 1819 to 1839. In 1837, largely due to the efforts of Abraham Lincoln and other area lawmakers known as the "Long Nine," Springfield was designated as the third capital, with government offices officially moving in 1839. Lincoln himself resided in Springfield from 1837 until his departure for the presidency in 1861, deeply embedding his legacy within the city's fabric.

## Growth and Modern Development The arrival of the railroad in 1852 significantly boosted Springfield's economy and population. The city became a major center of activity during the American Civil War, serving as a training ground for Illinois regiments under Ulysses S. Grant and a hub for Union support. After the war, Springfield solidified its role as a major center in the Illinois railroad system, a hub for government and farming, and by 1900, it also became involved in coal mining and processing.

Today, Springfield's economy is largely driven by government agencies, healthcare, and firms working with state and county governance. The city is also the national headquarters for several insurance companies and continues to be an agricultural center, known for corn, soybeans, and livestock. The Illinois State Fair, an annual event since 1853, has called Springfield its permanent home since 1894, drawing nearly a million visitors each mid-August. The city also embraces its artistic side, recognized as one of the top cities for art lovers based on its per capita ratio of art galleries, museums, and cultural organizations.

Springfield offers a wealth of attractions, many centered around its most famous resident, Abraham Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum provides an in-depth look at his life and legacy through interactive exhibits and artifacts. Visitors can explore the Lincoln Home National Historic Site, the only house Lincoln ever owned, preserved to appear as it did when he lived there. The Old State Capitol, where Lincoln delivered his famous "House Divided" speech, and the Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices offer further glimpses into his political and legal career. Finally, pay respects at Lincoln's Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery, the final resting place of Abraham Lincoln, his wife Mary, and three of their sons.

Beyond Lincoln, the Illinois State Capitol is an architectural marvel, its dome taller than the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., offering free guided tours. The Dana-Thomas House State Historic Site, designed by renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright, showcases his Prairie-style architecture. For art enthusiasts, the Springfield Art Association houses two galleries, an art school, and the historic Edwards Place. The Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon in Washington Park, one of the largest carillons in the world, offers daily music and tower tours. Springfield also sits along Historic Route 66, with locations like the Cozy Dog Drive In, home of the original corn dog on a stick.

Springfield welcomes visitors year-round, with each season offering distinct experiences. The ideal times to visit are late April to early June or September to October, when temperatures are mild and crowds are manageable. Spring brings blooming gardens and comfortable conditions for walking tours. Fall offers lovely foliage and pleasant temperatures, making it a favorite for many. Summers are warm, with peak tourist season in July and August, coinciding with events like the Illinois State Fair. Winters are cold with occasional snow, but indoor attractions remain accessible, and holiday decorations add a festive touch.

Springfield is served by Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport (SPI), located just 4 miles from downtown, offering convenient access with direct flights to regional hubs. For getting around the city, the Sangamon Mass Transit District (SMTD) provides public transportation on 17 daytime and 9 night fixed routes, covering major attractions and employment centers. Day passes are available, and children under 5 ride free. Taxis, Uber, and Lyft services are also available. If driving, be aware that Springfield experiences typical Midwestern continental climate with four distinct seasons, so pack layers for spring and fall, prepare for humidity in summer, and bring warm coats for winter.

Regarding safety, Springfield has a crime safety grade of C+ as of 2026, with an overall crime rate estimated to be 8% below the national average. However, safety can vary by neighborhood, with the west part of the city generally considered safest. While some reports indicate higher crime rates in certain areas, particularly when compared to other cities of similar size, overall violent crime rates are slightly lower than the national average.